(919) 714-8614 info@ccphealth.org

Resource Links

Advocating for Racial Equity in the US Healthcare System

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Search for Resource Links by Section:   Introduction   |  Case Studies   |  Patients  |  Providers  |  Resources

Case Studies

Patient Care

A Multi-Faceted Intervention Aimed at Black-White Disparities in the Treatment of Early Stage Cancers: The Accure Pragmatic Quality Improvement Trial

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0027968418301913?fr=RR-2&ref=pdf_download&rr=71f8e5a9cee17edd

Structural Racism—A 60-Year-Old Black Woman with Breast Cancer

https://equalhope.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/structural_racism-NEJM-04_2019.pdf

Medical Devices

Racial and Ethnic Discrepancy in Pulse Oximetry and Delayed Identification of Treatment Eligibility Among Patients with COVID-19

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2792653

THE FIGHT TO FIX A RACIST MEDICAL GADGET
https://gimletmedia.com/shows/science-vs/8whnlz7/the-fight-to-fix-a-racist-medical-gadget

Research

Enrollment of Racial Minorities in Clinical Trials: Old Problem Assumes New Urgency in the Age of Immunotherapy

https://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/EDBK_100021

Counter the Weaponization of Genetics Research by Extremists

https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-03252-z

Telehealth

Racial and Ethnic Differences in Self-Reported Telehealth Use During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Secondary Analysis of a US Survey of Internet Users from Late March

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7499625/

TELEMENTAL HEALTH THROUGH A RACIAL JUSTICE AND HEALTH EQUITY LENS
https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3960052

Patients

Health & Safety Tips

Advance Directives

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/patients/information/medical-decisions-guide/advance-directives

The Cleveland Clinic and the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/patients/information/patient-safety#health-safety-tips-tab

Changes to Discuss

Worksheet: Life changes to discuss with your doctor

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/patients/information/patient-safety#health-safety-tips-tab

Questions to Consider

Questions to Ask your Doctor

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/patients/information/questions-to-ask-your-doctor

National Institute on Aging: What Should I Ask

https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-should-i-ask-my-doctor-during-checkup

National Institute on Aging: Taking Medicines Safely

https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/taking-medicines-safely-you-age

Your Health Information Privacy Rights From The Office for Civil Rights

https://www.hhs.gov/hipaa/index.html

The Harms of Being Labeled

The Harms of Being Labeled a Difficult or Non-Compliant Patient

https://www.rareadvocacymovement.com/post/the-harms-of-being-labeled-a-difficult-patient

Learn more about bias in electronic medical records

https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/full/10.1377/hlthaff.2021.01423
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2788454

Vaccinations

Please visit the CDC website here

https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/covid-19/downloads/COVID-19-immunization-schedule-ages-6months-older.pdf

Vaccination Quiz

https://www2.cdc.gov/nip/adultimmsched/

COVID-19 Vaccination INFo

https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/vaccine-benefits.html

DTaP Vaccination INFo

https://www.cdc.gov/diphtheria/index.html#:~:text=Diphtheria%20is%20a%20serious%20infection,and%20adults%20to%20prevent%20diphtheria.

Hepatitis A Vaccination INFo

https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hav/index.htm

Hepatitis B Vaccination INFo

https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hbv/index.htm#:~:text=Hepatitis%20B%20is%20a%20vaccine,someone%20who%20is%20not%20infected.

hib Vaccination INFo

https://www.cdc.gov/hi-disease/index.html

HPV Vaccination INFo

https://www.cdc.gov/std/hpv/stdfact-hpv.htm

influenza Vaccination INFo

https://www.cdc.gov/flu/symptoms/symptoms.htm

Lead screening

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/lead-poisoning/symptoms-causes/syc-20354717

Meningococcal Vaccine Info

https://www.cdc.gov/meningococcal/index.html

MMR Vaccine Info

https://www.cdc.gov/measles/index.html
https://www.cdc.gov/mumps/about/signs-symptoms.html#:~:text=Mumps%20is%20best%20known%20for,Headache
https://www.cdc.gov/rubella/index.html#:~:text=Rubella%20is%20a%20contagious%20disease,the%20rest%20of%20the%20body.

PCV Vaccine Info

https://www.cdc.gov/pneumococcal/index.html

Polio Vaccine Info

https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/polio/

RV Vaccine Info

https://www.cdc.gov/rotavirus/index.html

Rzv Vaccine Info

https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/vis-statements/shingles-recombinant.html

tdap Vaccine Info

https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/vis-statements/tdap.html

Varicella Vaccine Info

https://www.cdc.gov/chickenpox/about/index.html

Helpful Resources

Fair health Consumer

https://www.fairhealthconsumer.org/

Cost plus Drugs

https://www.markcubancostplusdrugcompany.com/

Cost plus Drugs employer-sponsored programs

https://www.markcubancostplusdrugcompany.com/payers

211 hotline

https://www.211.org/about-us/your-local-211

ScripTalk Talking Prescription Labels

https://www.envisionamerica.com/scriptalk-station-for-patients

ScripTalk Apps

https://apps.apple.com/us/app/scriptalk-mobile/id1317698388
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.mistral.scriptalkmobilev2&pli=1

ScripTalk participating pharmacies

https://www.envisionamerica.com/participating-pharmacies

Additional Readings

Dying of Whiteness: How The Politics of Racial Resentment is Killing America’s Heartland By Jonathan M. Metzl

https://www.dyingofwhiteness.com/

Hospital: Man, Woman, Birth, Death, Infinity, Plus Red Tape, Bad Behavior, Money, God, and Diversity on Steroids By Julie Salamon

https://www.amazon.com/Hospital-Infinity-Behavior-Diversity-Steroids/dp/0143115367/

Killing the Black Body: Race, Reproduction, and the Meaning of Liberty By Dorothy Roberts

https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/155575/killing-the-black-body-by-dorothy-roberts/

Medical Apartheid: The Dark History of Medical Experimentation on Black Americans from Colonial Times to the Present By Harriet A. Washington

https://www.mahoganybooks.com/9780767915472

The Racial Divide in American Medicine: Black Physicians and the Struggle for Justice in Health Care Edited by Richard deShazo, MD, MACP

https://www.upress.state.ms.us/Books/T/The-Racial-Divide-in-American-Medicine2

Under the Skin: The Hidden Toll of Racism on American Lives and on the Health of Our Nation By Linda Villarosa

https://aalbc.com/books/bookinfo.php?isbn13=9780385544887

Providers

8 Reasons Patients Don’t Take Their Medications

research showing that patients don’t take their medications as prescribed about half the time

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/204402

How Building patient trust Can support medication adherence

https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/patient-support-advocacy/building-patient-trust-support-medication-adherence

American Medical Association

https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/patient-support-advocacy/8-reasons-patients-dont-take-their-medications

Additional Study

How Using the Term “Non-Compliant” Keeps Providers From Partnering with Patients

https://connect.springerpub.com/content/sgrcn/24/3/178

Health Literacy: A Prescription to End Confusion

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK216032/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK216032.pdf

To Boost Outcomes, First Unlock the Power of Health Literacy

https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/health-equity/boost-outcomes-first-unlock-power-health-literacy

Advancing Health Equity by Avoiding Judgmentalism and Contextualizing Care

https://journalofethics.ama-assn.org/article/advancing-health-equity-avoiding-judgmentalism-and-contextualizing-care/2021-02

Consider Culture, Customs, and Beliefs

Religion, culture, beliefs, and ethnic customs 

https://www.ahrq.gov/health-literacy/improve/precautions/tool10.html

Think cultural health Course

https://thinkculturalhealth.hhs.gov/

Ethnomed

https://ethnomed.org/

culture clues

https://dph.georgia.gov/sites/dph.georgia.gov/files/TB-Cultural_UWMC.htm

The culture, language, and health literacy website

https://www.hrsa.gov/about/organization/bureaus/ohe/health-literacy/culture-language-and-health-literacy

Tool 9: Address Language Differences

https://www.ahrq.gov/health-literacy/improve/precautions/tool9.html

Consider Culture, Customs, and Beliefs: Tool #10 

https://www.ahrq.gov/health-literacy/improve/precautions/tool10.html

Communicate Clearly

Using clear oral communication strategies

https://www.ahrq.gov/health-literacy/improve/precautions/tool4.html

Tool 10: Consider Culture, Customs, and Beliefs

https://www.ahrq.gov/health-literacy/improve/precautions/tool10.html

Tool 5: Use the Teach-Back Method

https://www.ahrq.gov/health-literacy/improve/precautions/tool5.html

Key Communication Strategies

https://www.ahrq.gov/health-literacy/improve/precautions/tool4a.html

Communication Self-Assessment

https://www.ahrq.gov/health-literacy/improve/precautions/tool4b.html

Communication Observation Form

https://www.ahrq.gov/health-literacy/improve/precautions/tool4c.html

Brief Patient Feedback Form

https://www.ahrq.gov/health-literacy/improve/precautions/tool4d.html

Health Literacy Patient Survey

https://www.ahrq.gov/health-literacy/improve/precautions/tool17d.html

Tool 17: Get Patient Feedback

https://www.ahrq.gov/health-literacy/improve/precautions/tool17.html

Health Literacy and Patient Safety: Help Patients Understand

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cGtTZ_vxjyA

Communicate Clearly: Tool #4

https://www.ahrq.gov/health-literacy/improve/precautions/tool4.html

Use the Teach-Back Method

The teach-back and show-me methods

https://www.ahrq.gov/health-literacy/improve/precautions/tool5.html

Always Use Teach-Back! Toolkit

http://www.teachbacktraining.org/home

5-Minute Teach-Back Video

https://hsl.lib.unc.edu/health-literacy

Health Literacy and Patient Safety

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cGtTZ_vxjyA

the full AHRQ Health Literacy Toolkit

https://www.ahrq.gov/health-literacy/improve/precautions/toolkit.html

Tool 12: Use Health Education Material Effectively

https://www.ahrq.gov/health-literacy/improve/precautions/tool12.html

Conviction and Confidence Scale

http://higherlogicdownload.s3.amazonaws.com/HEALTHLITERACYSOLUTIONS/b33097fb-8e0f-4f8c-b23c-543f80c39ff3/UploadedImages/docs/Teach_Back_-_Conviction_and_Confidence_Scale.pdf

Teach-Back Observation Tool

http://higherlogicdownload.s3.amazonaws.com/HEALTHLITERACYSOLUTIONS/b33097fb-8e0f-4f8c-b23c-543f80c39ff3/UploadedImages/docs/Teach_Back_-_Observation_Tool.pdf

Health Literacy Patient Survey

https://www.ahrq.gov/health-literacy/improve/precautions/tool17d.html

Use the Teach-Back Method: Tool #5

https://www.ahrq.gov/health-literacy/improve/precautions/tool5.html

Follow-Up With Patients

Follow-up is the act of making contact with a patient or caregiver

https://www.ahrq.gov/health-literacy/improve/precautions/tool6.html

Follow-up Instruction Form

https://www.ahrq.gov/health-literacy/improve/precautions/tool6a.html

Lab Results Letter

https://www.ahrq.gov/health-literacy/improve/precautions/tool11f.html

Follow Up with Patients: Tool #6

https://www.ahrq.gov/health-literacy/improve/precautions/tool6.html

Address Language Differences

“I Speak” cards

https://www.lep.gov/sites/lep/files/resources/ISpeakCards2004.pdf

Interpreter Services Posters

https://www.floridajobs.org/PDG/PostersforEmployers/IS%20Poster%2011×17.pdf

Tool 4: Communicate Clearly

https://www.ahrq.gov/health-literacy/improve/precautions/tool4.html#Tool4

List of Internet Resources

https://www.ahrq.gov/health-literacy/improve/precautions/list.html

Address Language Differences: Tool #9

https://www.ahrq.gov/health-literacy/improve/precautions/tool9.html

The Guide to Providing Effective Communication and Language Assistance Services

https://hclsig.thinkculturalhealth.hhs.gov/

The Office Guide to Communicating with Limited English Proficient Patients

https://vtmd.org/client_media/files/2008_AMA_OfficeGuidetoLEPPAtientCare.pdf

Hablamos Juntos

https://segd.org/hablamos-juntos

Assessing Translation—A Manual for Requesters

https://www.rwjf.org/content/dam/farm/toolkits/toolkits/2009/rwjf37288

LEP.gov

LEP.gov

The American Translators Association

https://www.atanet.org/

The Certification Commission for Healthcare Interpreters

https://cchicertification.org/

National Board of Certification for Medical Interpreters

https://www.certifiedmedicalinterpreters.org/

MedlinePlus

https://medlineplus.gov/languages/languages.html

Health Information Translations

https://www.healthinfotranslations.org/

I Speak Cards

“I Speak” cards

https://www.lep.gov/sites/lep/files/resources/ISpeakCards2004.pdf

Encourage Questions

Creating a shame-free environment

https://www.ahrq.gov/health-literacy/improve/precautions/tool14.html

Brief Patient Feedback Form

https://www.ahrq.gov/health-literacy/improve/precautions/tool4d.html

Health Literacy Patient Survey

https://www.ahrq.gov/health-literacy/improve/precautions/tool17d.html

Tool 5: Use the Teach-Back Method

https://www.ahrq.gov/health-literacy/improve/precautions/tool5.html

Ask Me 3

http://www.ihi.org/resources/Pages/Tools/Ask-Me-3-Good-Questions-for-Your-Good-Health.aspx

Questions Are the Answer

https://www.ahrq.gov/questions/index.html

Questions Are the Answer Videos

https://www.ahrq.gov/questions/videos/index.html

Questions Are the Answer handouts

https://www.ahrq.gov/questions/resources/index.html

Questions Are the Answer online question builder

https://www.ahrq.gov/questions/question-builder/index.html

Encourage Questions: Tool #14

https://www.ahrq.gov/health-literacy/improve/precautions/tool14.html

Resources

ADDITIONAL REFERENCES

 

What Should I Ask My Doctor During a Checkup
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2020, February 3). What should I ask my doctor during a checkup? National Institute on Aging. https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-should-i-ask-my-doctor-during-checkup 

Taking Medicines Safely as You Age
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2022, September 22). Taking medicines safely as you age. National Institute on Aging. https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/taking-medicines-safely-you-age

Recent Changes in Habits to Discuss with Your Doctor Worksheet
Worksheet 3 changes to discuss – National Institute on Aging. National Institute on Aging. (n.d.). https://www.nia.nih.gov/sites/default/files/2021-06/worksheet-changes-to-discuss.pdf 

How to Talk with Your Doctor About Sensitive Issues
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2020, February 3). How to talk with your doctor about sensitive issues. National Institute on Aging. https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/how-talk-your-doctor-about-sensitive-issues 

Questions to Ask Your Doctor
Questions to ask your doctor. Cleveland Clinic. (n.d.). https://my.clevelandclinic.org/patients/information/questions-to-ask-your-doctor 

Your Health Information Privacy Rights
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services: Office of Civil Rights. (N.d.). Your Health Information Privacy Rights. https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/ocr/privacy/hipaa/understanding/consumers/consumer_rights.pdf

The Harms of Being Labeled a Difficult Patient
Martinez, A. (2022, May 24). The harms of being labeled a ‘difficult’ patient. RAM. https://www.rareadvocacymovement.com/post/the-harms-of-being-labeled-a-difficult-patient 

ScriptTalk Talking Labels
Audible prescription labels: ScripTalk talking labels: En-vision america. Envisionamerica. (n.d.). https://www.envisionamerica.com/scriptalk-station-for-patients 

Find a Participating ScriptAbility Pharmacy
Talking labels pharmacy: Find a participating pharmacy: En-vision america. Envisionamerica. (n.d.). https://www.envisionamerica.com/participating-pharmacies 

Welcome to FAIR Health
Welcome to fair health. FAIR Health. (n.d.). https://www.fairhealthconsumer.org/ 

Mark Cuban Cost Plus Drug Company
Mark Cuban cost plus drug company. Mark Cuban Cost Plus Drug Company. (2022).  https://www.markcubancostplusdrugcompany.com/

8 Reasons Patients Don’t Take Their Medications
AMA. (2020, December 2). 8 reasons patients don’t take their medications. American Medical Association. https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/patient-support-advocacy/8-reasons-patients-dont-take-their-medications

Advancing Health Equity by Avoiding Judgmentalism & Contextualizing Care
Advancing Health Equity by avoiding judgmentalism and contextualizing care. (2021). AMA Journal of Ethics, 23(2). https://doi.org/10.1001/amajethics.2021.91

Health Literacy: Understanding Health Literacy
U.S. Department of Health and Services. (September 20, 2022). Health Literacy. https://www.cdc.gov/healthliteracy/learn/Understanding.html

How Using the Term “Non-Compliant” Keeps Providers From Partnering With Patients
Sinkfield-Morey, T. (2018). How using the term “non-compliant” keeps providers from partnering with patients. Creative Nursing, 24(3), 178–185. https://doi.org/10.1891/1946-6560.24.3.178

Challenging Non-Compliance
Keszthelyi, S. (2003). Challenging non-compliance. Journal of Medical Ethics, 29(4), 257–259. https://doi.org/10.1136/jme.29.4.257

Health Literacy: A Prescription to End Confusion
Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Health Literacy; Nielsen-Bohlman L, Panzer AM, Kindig DA, editors. Health Literacy: A Prescription to End Confusion. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2004. 4, Culture and Society. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK216037

To Boost Outcomes, First Unlock the Power of Health Literacy
Robeznieks, A. (2023, January 31). To boost outcomes, first unlock the power of Health Literacy. American Medical Association. https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/health-equity/boost-outcomes-first-unlock-power-health-literacy

Protect Yourself From Long COVID: Get Vaccinated
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (n.d.). Protect yourself from long COVID: Get vaccinated [Pamphlet]. https://wecandothis.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/2023-02/WCDT_LongCOVID_Poster_Engl_508c.pdf

Treatments for Patients at Risk for Severe COVID Illness
American Public Health Association. (2023, January 12). Treatments for patients at risk for severe COVID illness [Pamphlet]. https://apha.org/-/media/Files/PDF/topics/COVID/HHS/COVID_treatment_handout_treatment_for_patients.ashx

When to Get Medical Care for COVID
American Public Health Association. (2023, January 12). When to get medical care for COVID [Pamphlet]. https://apha.org/-/media/Files/PDF/topics/COVID/HHS/COVID_treatment_handout_get-care.ashx

ADDITIONAL READINGS

 

What is Health Equity?
Braveman, P., Arkin, E., Orleans, T., Proctor, D., & Plough, A. (2017, May 1). What is health equity? Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. https://www.rwjf.org/en/library/research/2017/05/what-is-health-equity-.html 

Health Disparities and Health Equity: The Issue is Justice
Braveman, P. A., Kumanyika, S., Fielding, J., et al. (2011). Health disparities and health equity: The issue is justice. AJPH: A Publication of the American Public Health Association, S1, S149-S155. 

Race, Medicine, and Health Care in the United States: A Historical Survey
Byrd, W. M., & Clayton, L. A. (2001). Race, medicine, and health care in the United States: A historical survey. Journal of the National Medical Association, 93(3), 11S-34S. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2593958/

A Multi-faceted Intervention Aimed at Black-White Disparities in the Treatment of Early Stage Cancers: The ACCURE Pragmatic Quality Improvement Trial
Cykert, S. et al. (2020). “A multi-faceted intervention aimed at Black-White disparities in the treatment of early stage cancers: The ACCURE pragmatic quality improvement trial.” Journal of the National Medical Association, 112(5), pp. 468-477. 

Dismantling Racism Works Web Workbook
Dismantling racism works. (n.d.). DR WORKBOOK. https://www.dismantlingracism.org/ 

Addressing Systemic Racism Through Clinical Preventive Service Recommendations From the US Preventive Services Task Force
Doubeni, C. A., Simon, M. S., & Krist, A. H. (2021, January 25). Addressing systemic racism through clinical preventive service recommendations from the US preventive services task force. JAMA Network, 325(7), 627-628. 

The Legacy of the Tuskegee Study
Frakt, A. (2019). The legacy of the Tuskegee study. Harvard Global Health Institute. https://globalhealth.harvard.edu/the-legacy-of-the-tuskegee-study/  

The Tuskegee Experiment 50 Years Later: A BET News Special Interview With The Associated Press Reporter Who Exposed It All (Part 1)
Gray, M. J. (2022). The Tuskegee experiment 50 years later: A BET news special interview with the associated press reporter who exposed it all (part 1). BET. https://www.bet.com/article/26kijz/jean-heller-interview-associated-press-tuskegee-experiment-part-1 

The Tuskegee Experiment 50 Years Later: A BET News Special Interview With The Associated Press Reporter Who Exposed It All (Part 2)
Gray, M. J. (2022). The Tuskegee experiment 50 years later: A BET news special interview with the associated press reporter who exposed it all (part 2). BET.
https://www.bet.com/article/kxnjme/jean-heller-interview-associated-press-tuskegee-experiment-part-2 

Racial Bias in Pain Assessment and Treatment Recommendations, and False Beliefs about Biological Differences Between Blacks and Whites
Hoffman, K. M., Trawalter, S., Axt, J. R., & Oliver, M. N. (2016). Racial bias in pain assessment and treatment recommendations, and false beliefs about biological differences between blacks and whites. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(16), 4296-4301.

Health and Race Disparities in America have Deep Roots: A Brief Timeline
Joyner, T., & Lee. J. S. (2020, April 20). Health and race disparities in America have deep roots: A brief timeline. Detroit Free Press. https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/2020/04/20/timeline-health-race-disparities/5145641002/

Racism in Medicine: Historical Foundations and Strategies for Advancing Health Equity
Manchanda, E. C. (2022, August 11). Racism in medicine: Historical foundations and strategies for advancing health equity. [Video]. American Medical Association Center for Health Equity. https://edhub.ama-assn.org/ama-center-health-equity/video-player/18714776 

Dying of Whiteness: How the Politics of Racial Resentment is Killing America’s Heartland
Metzl, J. M. (2019). Dying of whiteness: How the politics of racial resentment is killing America’s heartland. Basic Books. 

We are the Solution to Our Problem: A Brief Review of the History of Racism and Nursing
Moore, S. S., & Drake, D. (2021, Aug). We are the solution to our problem: A brief review of the history of racism and nursing. Women’s Healthcare. https://www.npwomenshealthcare.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/2021_WH-August_History.pdf 

Case Studies in Social Medicine Structural Racism — A 60-Year-Old Black Woman with Breast Cancer
Pallok, K., Maio, F. D., & Ansell, D. A. (2019). Structural racism—60-year-old black woman with breast cancer. The New England Journal of Medicine, 380(16), 1489-1493. 

Killing the Black Body
Roberts, D. (1998). Killing the Black body. Penguin Random House.  

How We Fail Black Patients in Pain
Sabin, J. A. (2020, Jan 6). How we fail black patients in pain. AAMC. https://www.aamc.org/news-insights/how-we-fail-black-patients-pain 

Hospital: Man, Woman, Birth, Death, Infinity, Plus Red Tape, Bad Behavior, Money, God, and Diversity on Steroids
Salamon, J. (2009). Hospital: Man, woman, birth, death, infinity, plus red tape, bad behavior, money, god, and diversity on steroids. Penguin Books.  

The Historical Roots of Racial Disparities in American Health Care
Scheinman, T. (2022, April). The historical roots of racial disparities in American health care. Smithsonian Magazine. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/historical-roots-racial-disparities-american-health-care-180979800/ 

Under the Skin: The Hidden Toll of Racism on American Lives and on the Health of Our Nation
Villarosa, L. (2022). Under the skin: The hidden toll of racism on American lives and on the health of our nation. Penguin Random House.  

Medical Apartheid: The Dark History of Medical Experimentation on Black Americans from Colonial Times to the Present
Washington, H. A. (2008). Medical apartheid: The dark history of medical experimentation on Black Americans from colonial times to the present. Mahogany Books.  

What is Racial Equity? Understanding Key Concepts Related to Race
What is racial equity? (n.d.). Race Forward. https://www.raceforward.org/about/what-is-racial-equity-key-concepts 

Structural Racism In Historical And Modern US Health Care Policy
Yearby, R., Clark, B., & Figueroa, J. F. (2022). Structural racism in historical and modern US health care policy. Health Affairs, 41(2), 187-194. https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/10.1377/hlthaff.2021.01466 

The Intellectual Roots Of Current Knowledge On Racism And Health: Relevance To Policy And The National Equity Discourse
Zambrana, R. E., & Williams, D. R. (2022). The intellectual roots of current knowledge on racism and health: Relevance to policy and the national equity discourse. Health Equity, 41(2), 163-170. https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/10.1377/hlthaff.2021.01439

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